Dynamic spectrum refers to the allocation and utilization of radio frequency (RF) spectrum in a flexible and adaptive manner, allowing for more efficient use of available frequencies. This research area focuses on technologies and strategies for dynamically allocating spectrum to different users and services based on real-time demands, rather than assigning fixed frequencies to specific users or applications. Dynamic spectrum management techniques include cognitive radio, spectrum sharing, and spectrum sensing, which enable more efficient use of the scarce RF spectrum and better accommodate the growing demand for wireless communication services. Research in dynamic spectrum aims to improve spectrum utilization, increase spectrum availability, and minimize interference between different users or services.